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be unrelated to something

  • 1 unrelated

    adjective

    be unrelated — (not connected) nicht miteinander zusammenhängen; (not related by family) nicht [miteinander] verwandt sein

    be unrelated to something — mit etwas in keinem Zusammenhang stehen

    * * *
    un·re·lat·ed
    [ˌʌnrɪˈleɪtɪd, AM -t̬-]
    1. inv (not relatives) nicht [miteinander] verwandt
    2. (not logically connected)
    ▪ to be \unrelated to sth nicht mit etw dat zusammenhängen
    * * *
    ["ʌnrI'leItɪd]
    adj
    (= unconnected) ohne Beziehung (to zu); (by family) nicht verwandt

    the two events are unrelated/are not unrelated — die beiden Ereignisse stehen in keinem Zusammenhang miteinander/sind nicht gänzlich ohne Zusammenhang

    * * *
    1. ohne Beziehung (to, with zu)
    2. nicht verwandt (to, with mit) (auch fig)
    3. nicht berichtet
    * * *
    adjective

    be unrelated — (not connected) nicht miteinander zusammenhängen; (not related by family) nicht [miteinander] verwandt sein

    * * *
    adj.
    ohne Beziehung ausdr.
    unverwandt adj.

    English-german dictionary > unrelated

  • 2 unrelated

    < gen> (to something) ■ beziehungslos; ohne Beziehung
    <tech.gen> (to a given discipline, subject field) ■ fachfremd

    English-german technical dictionary > unrelated

  • 3 unconnected

    tr[ʌnkə'nektɪd]
    1 no relacionado,-a, inconexo,-a
    adj.
    • desconexo, -a adj.
    • inconexo, -a adj.
    • no relacionado adj.
    'ʌnkə'nektəd, ˌʌnkə'nektɪd
    a) ( unrelated) sin conexión

    to be unconnected WITH something — no guardar relación or no estar* relacionado con algo

    b) ( incoherent) inconexo, sin hilación
    ['ʌnkǝ'nektɪd]
    ADJ
    1) (=unrelated) no relacionado
    2) (=incoherent) inconexo
    * * *
    ['ʌnkə'nektəd, ˌʌnkə'nektɪd]
    a) ( unrelated) sin conexión

    to be unconnected WITH something — no guardar relación or no estar* relacionado con algo

    b) ( incoherent) inconexo, sin hilación

    English-spanish dictionary > unconnected

  • 4 clutter

    1. noun
    Durcheinander, das
    2. transitive verb

    clutter [up] the table/room — überall auf dem Tisch/im Zimmer herumliegen

    be cluttered [up] with something — [Zimmer:] mit etwas voll gestopft sein; [Tisch:] mit etwas übersät sein

    * * *
    (state of untidiness: The house is in a clutter.) die Unordnung
    - academic.ru/97389/cluttered">cluttered
    * * *
    clut·ter
    [ˈklʌtəʳ, AM -t̬ɚ]
    I. n no pl
    1. (mess) Durcheinander nt, Unordnung f
    he always leaves his office in a \clutter er hinterlässt in seinem Büro immer ein Schlachtfeld hum
    2. (unorganized stuff) Kram m
    II. vt
    ▪ to \clutter sth etw durcheinanderbringen
    don't \clutter up your mind with useless details! belaste dich nicht mit sinnlosen Einzelheiten!
    * * *
    ['klʌtə(r)]
    1. n
    (= confusion) Durcheinander nt; (= disorderly articles) Kram m (inf)

    his desk was in a clutter — auf seinem Schreibtisch war ein fürchterliches Durcheinander

    2. vt
    zu voll machen (inf)/stellen; painting, photograph überladen; mind vollstopfen

    to be cluttered with sth (mind, room, drawer etc) — mit etw vollgestopft sein; (floor, desk etc) mit etw übersät sein; (painting etc) mit etw überladen sein

    the floor was terribly cluttered — auf dem Fußboden lag alles verstreut

    * * *
    clutter [ˈklʌtə(r)]
    A v/t
    1. auch clutter up (unordentlich) vollstopfen, überhäufen:
    clutter one’s brain with sich das Gehirn vollstopfen mit
    2. durcheinanderwerfen, herumstreuen
    B v/i durcheinanderlaufen
    C s
    1. Wirrwarr m, Durcheinander n
    2. Unordnung f:
    be in a clutter in Unordnung sein
    3. Radar: Störflecke pl
    4. Lärm m
    * * *
    1. noun
    Durcheinander, das
    2. transitive verb

    clutter [up] the table/room — überall auf dem Tisch/im Zimmer herumliegen

    be cluttered [up] with something — [Zimmer:] mit etwas voll gestopft sein; [Tisch:] mit etwas übersät sein

    * * *
    n.
    Wirrwar n.

    English-german dictionary > clutter

  • 5 extraneous

    adjective
    1) (from outside) von außen
    2) (irrelevant) belanglos
    * * *
    extra·neous
    [ɪkˈstreɪniəs]
    1. (external) äußere(r, s), von außen nach n; MED körperfremd; CHEM Fremd-
    \extraneous substance Fremdstoff m
    2. ( form: unrelated) nicht dazugehörig, sachfremd
    \extraneous issues/matters sachfremde Fragestellungen/Angelegenheiten
    an \extraneous remark eine unpassende [o geh deplatzierte] Bemerkung
    3. (irrelevant) unwichtig, irrelevant, ohne Belang form
    * * *
    [Ik'streInɪəs]
    adj (form)
    1) (= from outside) noise von außen; influence äußere(r, s), extern (geh)

    extraneous matter (Tech, Med) (solid) — Fremdstoffe pl Fremdkörper pl

    2) (= not relevant) matter, material, issue, detail, thought irrelevant, unwesentlich

    extraneous matters/issues — Unwesentliches nt

    to avoid all extraneous issues — alles vermeiden, was nicht zur Sache gehört

    to feel extraneous (person) — sich (dat) überflüssig vorkommen

    * * *
    extraneous [ekˈstreınjəs; -nıəs] adj (adv extraneously)
    1. äußer(er, e, es), Außen…
    2. fremd (to dat):
    extraneous to reality realitätsfremd
    3. a) unwesentlich
    b) nicht dazugehörig:
    be extraneous to sth nicht zu etwas gehören
    * * *
    adjective
    1) (from outside) von außen
    2) (irrelevant) belanglos

    English-german dictionary > extraneous

  • 6 Creativity

       Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)
       Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)
       There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)
       he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)
       he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)
       From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)
       Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)
       The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)
       In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)
       he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)
        11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder
       Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)
       New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)
       [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....
       Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)
       A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....
       Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity

  • 7 Time

       In appropriating time for themselves, and abstracting it into a stark mathematical parameter, physicists have robbed it of much of its original, human, content. The physicist will usually say, "Ours is the real time-and all that there really is. The richness of human psychological time derives entirely from subjective factors and is unrelated to the intrinsic qualities of real, physical time"-and then go about his or her work and daily life immersed in the complexities of human time like everyone else.
       Should we simply shrug the human experience of time aside as a matter solely for psychologists? Does the time of an altered state of conciousness have no relevance at all to the time of Newton or Einstein? Does our impression of the flow of time, or the division of time into past, present and future, tell us nothing at all about how time is as opposed to how it merely appears to us muddle-headed humans?
       As a physicist, I am well aware how much intuition can lead us astray. As I remarked earlier, intuition suggests that the sun moves around the earth. Yet, as a human being, I find it impossible to relinquish the sensation of a flowing time and a moving present moment. It is something so basic to my experience of the world that I am repelled by the claim that it is only an illusion or misperception. It seems to me there is an aspect of time of great significance that we have so far overlooked in our description of the physical universe. (Davies, 1995, p. 275)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Time

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